Cyborgs - Fiction of science to Scientific Reality

· 2005, a team of the scientists focused by his Xuecheng in the Shandong University of Science and Technology in Qingdao, China, pigeon controlled successfully flies (direction and ascent/descent) road wireless the signal transmitted to the electrodes implanted to his brains of a laptop computador. Of alike way, 2006, Jelle Atema of Boston the University controlled directional movement of a spring dogfish (a small type of shark) road a neural implant that has stimulated the left or correct olfactory zone of his brain.
· The Investigation is current to find a way to graft metal in bone so that the skin can be grown around him creating combination leave/biological synthetic.· The Efforts also are done when being to give prosthetic dispositiva artificial intelligence in that micro-the implants to muscles and of the nerves will enable users to move his new limbos only by thought (compatible with human control of naturalidad limbos).
Cybernetic Limbos:
· By an article by Bill Christensen of Technovelgy.How (Jack To the Brain of A Chat) the scientists with successes produced a video of a recognizable moving scene when remarked #by the eyes of a chat in 1999. This has been fulfilled #by the use of electrodes that simultaneously recorded and catalogued answers in the side geniculate core (LGN) and 177 brain selected cells of an acute-eyed chat. Although the images have not been so acute when #this seen by human eyes and recorded by camcorders, the technology continues to improve. In the next future adjustments probably will enhance clarity and quality of feline the vision and the chats selected for operations of surveillance even can have his natural eyes replaced with cybernetic the devices instrumented with cameras of miniature (a moral worry).
· The artificial Hearts have been developed with the CardioWest Artificial Heart provisional Total (TAH-t) and AbioCor Replacement the Heart that has been agreed for human use by the Alimentary and Administration of Medicine (FDA). Even so, the investigation and the development is current for a permanent device. Presently The artificial Hearts have been generally used in a provisional base (until a donor the heart could be found) with some how many exceptions. In one such exception, a patient survived 512 days with a AbioCor device.
· Ventricular Have taken Devices (VAD) is at present use by patient that in spite of the fact that have some function of heart, requires artificial assistance to sustain his lives.
· 1950 José Thin of Yale University electrodes inserted to one hierve brain to obtain raw control on his movements. He successfully showed this control in Córdoba, Spain 1963 when it has been in the way of one touching cyborg hierve and steered he was in the last moment.
· 2002, a team focused by John Chapin in the State University of New York (SUNY) created cyborg rats to implant electrodes in his brains. They were trained then to move accordance to the impulses delivered road the electrodes and to look for specific scents (and.G. Human, explosive, exploding dye, etc.). When Tried, each cyborg the rat has been gone back with a tiny camera to provide indication of success of mission. The rats were then successfully guided to a localización specific road radio-impulses controlled. Afterwards, the implants were powered down and as soon as the rats have realized were free of his control, have gone to a sniffing way and successfully identified the source of an aim odor. The process has taken only some how many minutes and was with successes duplicated in additional proofs.
Robotics/Technology of computadora:
· The Agency of Central Intelligence (CIA) tried to create his proper cyborg 1961 in the Acoustic Operation Kitty, in which a chat has been cut open and gone back with a variety of wires (one to override feelings and hunger) and one listening device that utilized his tail like a antenna. The project was disbanded like failure in 1967 when the chat in his first mission (to eavesdrop in the Soviet compound in Washington, D.C.) Has been killed by one moving the taxi that sends more that five years of intensive training and $15 million down the drain.
The early Efforts that involve the animal experiences were aimed mainly to law/of military/intelligence enforcement applications. Some how many of the remarkable experiences are listed down:
Additional Sources:
· Although investigation to provide mobility to and the skill by quadriplegics (this mark on top of on 1.25 million the population of the world) to handle appliances of entity like a television and the computadora is still in his infancy, the significant progress is train to be done.
· Tobacco hornworms gone back with miniature the electronic implants survived and has grown in adult Manduca moths with any complication. X-The Rays discovered in the 2008 Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) the conference resisted in Tucson, Arizona has showed growth of good handkerchief surroundings to sondas that had been implanted where the abdominal segments would have grown during the larval stage after a portion of his thorax has been quitado to do camera for the implants. Hookworms Gone back with cybernetic the devices have not showed any signal of complications, adverse impairments or rejection during metamorphosis.
· The same UNC Berkeley the team has discovered a wireless system that successfully controlled Rhinoceros Beetle theft during the 2009 MEMS the conference resisted in Sorrento, Italy.
· It contact lenses has called "I, Contact" than interface with a mouse of computador, in that eyeball the movement control cursor movement, has been developed to assist the handicapped person.
[1] It cyborg The espies animal that hatch in the laboratory. New scientist. 6 Of March 2008.
The year is 2021. It is two decades after the 9/11 attacks. A group of terrorist is seated in an outside café speaking his plans. A chat remarks of on 5 meters was. The Images are transmitted of his brain that provides information of real time. At the same time, a tiny beetle goes unnoticed when posiciona underneath the table. It is outfitted with a nano-listening device that transmits the content of #the terrorist discussion also real-time. Some how many minutes later, a pair of pigeons lands next and begin pecking for crumbs.When they do so, they the inch the plus next in the table. Some how many minutes later, ##each elevators of pigeon a wing dispensing one poisoned dart. Before the terrorists can react, each how has died. Elsewhere in the world, a soldier that has lost his arms and legs to combat, #by sheer perseverance and utilization of bionic limbos wins a triatlón. In the process, he outperforms mere mortal with naturalidad limbos. His far-fetched? No anymore! Cyborgs - Machine of part, leaves biological organism that can be used for scientist, medical intelligence,/military/law enforcement purpose, has become a reality thanks to scientific and technological advances that present ###both fiancé (and.G. The possibility of significant doctor breakthroughs to restore and enhance quality of life and to extend life he) and trepidation (and.G. When the machine and the organism merge, the delineating the border of life become blurred impacting has associated right while the possibility to control action and human thought becomes frighteningly real).
From 2008 several milestones have been fulfilled:

Cyborg Spies. Discovery.How. 13 Of February 2009. 29 Of August 2009. Blogs.discovery.How/Well.Idea/2009/02/cyborg-insect-espies.html
· An Australian woman has been gone back in 2009 with the first world fully working artificial finger that can crimps and flu like a natural finger #by utilization of ends of nerve.
Alzheimer/Parkinson Illness and Epilepsy:
or 2008 one monkey successfully moved a robotic arm road implant neural. In another case, a rhesus monkey (Idoya) located in Carolina North has handled a robot in Japan #by thought only when part of the Computational Project of Brain focused by neuroscientist Miguel One.L. Nicolelis With researchers in Duke Center University Doctor and Science of Japan and Agency of Technology.
At the same time, scientific IBM Almaden Centre of Investigation and the Institute of California of Technology is in the process to develop a new generation of microprocessors that utilize living DNA with the aim to create smaller, faster, and devices cheaper.
· A similar process used by a team of the researchers focused by Michel Maharbiz of the University of California (UNC) Berkeley succeeded with Green June Beetles. Negative impulses of neural implants (transmitted road tethered wires) activated the beetles' the wings that result ascent; the positive impulses have arrested his movement of wing that results descent. The Elevator and the descent have been controlled by fast cambiante between the two types of impulses. At the same time, directional control of beetle the theft has been achieved in two ways - road a LED gone up in front of his eyes and by impulses to any his left or correct basilar muscle.
Law/of military/Intelligence Enforcement:
View:
The second application of entity of cybernetic the investigation is to develop technology to medically restore or enhance human capacities (and.G. Vision - limited with consideration to distance, seeing and small objects, etc.; Communication - limited in speech and writing).
· A video, created in the Boyce Thompson Institute in Ithaca, New York that documents successful control of moth the theft was showed also during the 2008 MEMS conference. Moth The Movement has been controlled by a series of crashes of 5 volts that have stimulated his muscles of wing have delivered road tethered wires. Uniform stimuli wing determined-the speed that results ascent/descent while stimuli applied to muscles of wing in a side or the another direction determined.
Spirit-Mobility Controlled:
· By the BBC (13 of August 2008) researchers ( 2008) to the University of Reading, Reading, the UK has created one fine-variety of electrode that consists of on 300,000 neurons extracted of a fetus of rat to control robotic movement. The cells, maintained separate of the robot in a temperature-container controlled (filled with a solution of pink broth) gone back with the electrodes have communicated road Bluetooth&watering; radio of short wave. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of neurons with the hope to discover effective treatments by Alzheimers, Parkinson Illness (both debilitating neurological disorders; Alzheimer adversely memory of impacts while Parkinson the illness is characterized by rigidity of muscle, tremors, physical movement delayed, and impaired speech and involuntary functions), and epilepsy (a common neurological the disorder characterized by repeated, spontaneous seizures).
· Retinal The Implants are at present use to combat macular degeneration (a disorder that resulted loss of vision in the macula located in the centre of the eye, which the difficult fact to see details until).
Listened:
or At the same time, the European scientists have created a no intrusive brain-interface of computadora (BCI) (even so still in the investigation and stage desarrolladora), this utilizes activity of human brain and imbedded artificial intelligence to handle devices (and.G. Computadores, wheelchairs, artificial limbos). BCIs Finally will provide quadriplegics mobility and skills once unimaginable.
Amanda Or'Brien. A giant jump by robokind: cyber limbos. The Australian. 15 Of August 2009.
Cardiac treatment:
So cybernetic the technology is developed further and refined, the seamless the synthesis of organic and artificial parts is probably to become widespread requiring modification of basic definitions of life and his rights associated, creation of applicable international protocols and a adjustment in perceptions of thought. Cybernetic The Technology is probably to have three applications of entity:
· Researchers in the University of Washington, #he that has developed contact lenses with electronic and red circuits-LEDs, is train to work lenses (finally to be powered by neural electrical activity human) that could a day provides television/microscopic vision, enables people to see the infrared portion of the light spectrum, takes pictures, videos of mark, and even superimpose the images accessed of the Internet road WiFi.
· The synthetic Parts are routinely used for hip and knee replacements. With consideration to the last, an again developed knee (presently under release limited in United States and the Netherlands) that synchronizes the movement with the natural leg of an user is so effective that his recipientes easily can achieve up, he goes up staircases and even engage in extreme sports.
· More that 100,000 deeply deaf people at present use a bionic ear (cochlear implants that trust a neural connection direct) that stimulates to listen nerves in the inner ear to comprise speech and other dreams. The Investigation is centered at present to enable cochlear users of implant to differentiate between speech and other dreams of fund.
The present aim of the DoD the investigation funded is to create insect cyborgs that can be remotely controlled of at least 100 meters was, directed to land inside a maximum of 5 meters of a subject of aim, and remain there until directed to leave. When this is successfully mastered (winning barriers and of the big winds), cameras of miniature can be implanted for surveillance, sensors to detect biological, chemical, or radiological agents, and tiny arms (utilizing powerful poisons and hallucinogenic medicines) to attack potential aims.
· An arm, has baptized the Arm of Luke" after Luke Skywalker índole in Wars of Estrella, has been developed in which movement can be controlled by nerves, muscles, and Bluetooth&watering;-activated shoe pads enabling armless users to eat, takes tiny objects and utilize his prosthetic the arms and the hands in the same people of way use hands and of the natural arms.
Or Researchers in Osaka University in Japan at present is working with four human proof subjects, each how of #that there has been a leaf of electrode has situated directly in his brain so that they can determine the activity of wave of the brain associated with arm, elbow, and movement of finger to discern activity pretended to leave spirit-movement controlled of future prosthetics. At present the researchers can determine activity pretended with bigger than #80% activity.
Afterwards, cyborg the investigation remained that sleeps until the late 1980s, taking steam a decade later. By this time, the science and the technology had advanced significantly, especially with the miniaturization of devices and components.
2002, Kevin Warwick, a main expert in cybernetic the technology became the premier human of the world cyborg (documented in me, Cyborg, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, HE, 2004) in an effort to facilitate the investigation aimed in these aims. #A 3-millimeter-situate-of wide silicon with 100 electrodes has been implanted to his doll to enable scientists to interpret the nerve signals to arise of movement and feeling with the hope to provide breakthroughs for the paralyzed.
Computadores And future robots are probably to utilize living and components no living equally. Potentially, this could be #extremely problematic if such technology is applied in a malevolent or unethical the way from him could direct in a new generation of slaves. Accordingly, international Protocols (comprising these pertaining to the ethical treatment of animal) and another safeguards will be required to direct these issues so cybernetic the technology evolves.
Conclusion:
Doctor:
Cybernetic the technology is, in a minimum, of a doctor standpoint, when being directed to several zones. A summary of progress and future aspiraciones for these zones is listed down:
In the meantime, a team of the scientists focused by Charles Higgins of the University of Arizona Tucson is train to look for to transform insects in "big-the sensory level robotic controllers [from\] artificial vision (what is #costly) [at present] can not beat living systems, which are honed to recognize objects or detect movement"[1]
Cyborgs, once relegated to fiction of science has become the scientific reality that provides vast military/intelligence/law enforcement, medical, and technological perspectives. If cybernetic the technology is used benevolently and ethically where the human thought remains the primary driver place of spirit imposed-control, will open new windows of occasion - providing libertáis bigger and standard improved of life, to quadriplegics trapped in his proper bodies, to the blind imprisoned in a world of darkness, to the deaf limited in a prison of silence, and to people that with age or damage, precisará seamless synthetic replacement parts for #this carried down or destroyed. Also will develop human capacities with consideration to speed, view, communication, and endurance. Finally, when such technology obtains widespread acceptance and use, is probably that most of the human race will be cyborg, although no in the way envisioned by fiction of science.
Lamp of such success, the Department of USA of Defend (DoD) and USA Defend Agency of Projects Advanced (DARPA), the last what has been disbanded, there is also does significant progress. The phase the latest of the DoD efforts - the development of Hybrid Insect Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (-MEMS) - is centered "small" (to create inconspicuous cyborgs) and reliance theft of insect, which is unmatched with consideration to agility. The Experiences have been directed in beetles, flies and moths.
_________
· February 2007 Gingersnap, #one 4-year-old Abyssinian suffering of chat of a similar condition to retinitis pigmentosa (a incurable genetic illness that attacks the eye photoreceptor the cells that direct to blindness) has been implanted with 2-millimeter-wide artificial silicon retina (ASR) chips (each covered by 5,000 microphotodiodes that react to light. When These microphotodiodes reacts, electric the signals are sent by the eye optic nerve in the brain that leaves it to detect light impulses) manufactured by Optobionics to preserve his vision. When the technology improves, the additional data probably will be able to be transmitted enabling the brain to decipher complete images.
The term "cyborg" has been striked by scientists of NASA Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline in 1960 when speaking the hypothetical advantages of human-machines in space. Although such cybernetic the organisms became the realm of fiction of science, efforts to create real-life cyborgs has begun even before the term has been conceived and continue in this day.

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